Annotated Bibliography
Bloom, B.S., Englehart, M.B., Furst, E.J., Hill, W.H., and Krathwohl, D.R. (1956). Taxonomy of Educational Objectives: The Classification of Educational Goals. Handbook I: The Cognitive Domain. New York: Longman. This is the classical presentation of hierarchical levels of cognitive learning.
Carroll, J.B. (1989). The Carroll Model: A 25-Year Retrospective. Educational Researcher, 18, 26-31. In this article, the inventor of Carroll's Model of School Learning discusses the impact it has had on education and specifies where he thinks additional research is needed.
Gagne, R.M. (1985). The Conditions of Learning. (3rd Ed.). New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston. This book gives a clear and comprehensive treatment of the eight phases of learning. It goes into much greater detail than this chapter. For example, it describes how the guidelines for teaching concepts differ from the guidelines for teaching rules or principles.
Gagne, R.M., Briggs, L.J., & Wager, W.W. (1988). Principles of Instructional Design (3rd Ed). New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston. This book converts the ideas from The Conditions of Learning, which focused on learning from the learner's perspective, into a set of guidelines for teachers and others designing instructional materials.
Gagne, R.M. & Driscoll, M.P. (1988). Essentials of Learning for Instruction. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall. This is a short but comprehensive guide to the ideas of Gagne on learning and instruction. Practitioners who want a good book that covers these ideas in more detail than the present textbook should probably consult this as a first source.
Leshin, C.B., Pollock, J., & Reigeluth, C.M. (1992). Instructional Design Strategies and Tactics. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Educational Technology Publications. This book focuses on both training and education. It employs a step-by-step format that makes it easy to incorporate all appropriate activities while planning instruction.
Perkins, D.N. & Salomon, G. (1988). Teaching for Transfer. Educational Leadership, 46(1), 22-32. This article offers a comprehensive summary or research-based strategies for helping students develop skills that can be applied to situations that vary from the original learning context.
Reigeluth, C.M. (Ed.) (1987). Instructional Theories in Action: Lessons Illustrating Selected Theories and Models. As its title indicates this book gives detailed, practical examples of the concrete application of several major learning theories (not all of which are covered in the present textbook).