Chapter 1: Do Not Skip This Chapter How to Read This Book Summary of Strategies Educational Psychology: An Applied Approach Reading the Professional Literature Common Misconceptions The Value of Practical Experience The Organization of This Book Summary and Overview Annotated Bibliography Chapter 2: Using Time Effectively: The Secret to Successful Learning Academic Learning Time Applying ALT to Instruction Direct Instruction Active & Generative Teaching Expanding Academic Learning Time Homework Parental Involvement What Specific Strategies Enhance Learning? What Teachers Can Do About ALT What Students Can Do About ALT What Parents Can Do About ALT Summary and Overview Chapter 3: The Processes of Learning and Instruction Introduction Models of Learning Mastery Learning Phases of Learning The Events of Instruction Learning and Instruction Bloom's Taxonomy of Educational Objectives Gagne's Outcomes of Learning Summary and Overview What Teachers Can Do About the Processes of Learning and Instruction What Parents Can Do About the Processes of Learning and Instruction What Students Can Do About the Processes of Learning and Instruction Annotated Bibliography Answers to Quizzes and Questions Chapter 4: Learning and Human Development Introduction Human Development Major Principles of Human Development Genetic Factors Environmental Factors The Cognitive Developmental Theory of Jean Piaget Piaget's Stages of Development What Happens When We Ignore the Developmental Levels of Learners? The Development of Cultural Identity The Development of Social Skills Seeking, Giving, and Receiving Help Transitions Summary Annotated Bibliography Chapter 5: Motivating Students to Learn Introduction Motivation Intrinsic Motivation Reinforcement and Punishment Affective Components of Motivation Physiological Aspects of Motivation Cognitive Aspects of Motivation Needs and Motivation Self-Efficacy Attribution Theory Development and Motivation Motivation as a Personality Characteristic Teacher Expectancy Social Aspects of Motivation: Classroom Goal structure What Teachers Can Do About Motivation What Parents Can Do About Motivation What Students Can Do About Motivation Summary Annotated Bibliography Answers to Quizzes and Questions Chapter 6: Memory and Information Processing Introduction Information Processing Sensory Register Working Memory Long-Term Memory Recalling Information Forgetting Mnemonic Strategies Strengthening Memory and Minimizing Forgetting Transfer of Learning What Teachers Can Do to Improve Information Processing What Parents Can Do to Improve Information Processing What Students Can Do to Improve Information Processing Summary Annotated Bibliography Chapter 7: Teaching Thinking Skills Introduction Thinking Skills Learning-to-Learn Skills Content Thinking Skills Basic Reasoning Skills Summary of Thinking Skills Metacognitive Skills Development of Thinking Skills Cognitive Skills Instruction Self-Regulation of Learning Notetaking Stimulating Creative Thinking Stimulating Critical Thinking What Teachers and Parents Can Do to Simulate Thinking Skills What Students Can Do to Simulate Thinking Skills Summary Annotated Bibliography Chapter 8: Affective and Personality Outcomes Personality Characteristics Character Development Attitudes and Values Values Clarification Self Concept Self-Actualization Moral Development Annotated Bibliography   Chapter 9: Dealing with Individual Differences Individual Diversity and Group Differences Gender Differences Cultural Diversity Socioeconomic Status Compensatory Education Language Minorities Intelligence Ability Grouping Special Education Mainstreaming Adaptive Education Mental Retardation Gifted Students Learning Styles and Cognitive Structures Summary Annotated Bibliography   Chapter 10: Modified Behavior Modification: Reinforcement Reinforcement: Strengthening Behavior The Three Types of Reinforcement Review Quiz 1 The Fundamental Principle of Behavior Modification Artificial and Natural Reinforcement Why Do Teachers Rely So Heavily on Artificial Reinforcement? Praise as a Reinforcer Shaping New Behaviors Applied Behavior Analysis: Collecting and Recording Data Functional Analysis Token Reinforcement Self-Management and Self-Regulation The Relative Strengths and Weaknesses of the Three Types of Reinforcement The Most Serious Shortcoming of Type III Reinforcement Eliminating Behaviors Through Type I Reinforcement Differential Reinforcement of Incompatible Behavior (DRI) Differential Reinforcement of Alternative Behavior (DRA) Schedules of Reinforcement Contingency Contracting Summary Putting It All Together Annotated Bibliography Answers to Quizzes and Questions Chapter 11: Modified Behavior Modification: Controlling Undesirable Behaviors The Three Types of Punishment Review Quiz 1 Negative Side Effects of Punishment Guidelines for Effective Punishment Combining Punishment with Reinforcement The Positive Value of Failure Specific Forms of Punishment Reprimands Systematic Exclusion (Time-Out) Response Cost Negative Practice Overcorrection Covert Behavior Control Corporal Punishment Accidental Punishment Summary of Punishment Extinction: Eliminating Behaviors Without Punishment Definition of Extinction Factors Influencing the Rate of Extinction of Behavior Accidental Extinction Using Extinction When Attention Is the Reinforcer Guidelines for Employing Extinction Extinction vs. Punishment Summary of Extinction Additional Applications of Behavior Modification Discrimination Training Differential Reinforcement of Low Rates of Response (DRL) Differential Reinforcement of Other Behavior (DRO) Counterconditioning Systematic Desensitization Stimulus Change Satiation Other Behavior Modification Strategies Chapter Summary Annotated Bibliography Answers to Quizzes and Questions   Chapter 12: Observational Learning: Learning by Watching Others The Four Types of Vicarious Learning Important Factors in Vicarious Learning Modeling Thought Processes Summary of Vicarious Learning Scaffolded Instruction Chapter Summary Annotated Bibliography Answers to Quizzes and Questions Chapter 13: Classroom Management and Discipline Introduction ALT and Classroom Management Too Much of a Good Thing! With-it-ness Computers and Classroom Management Discipline Principle of Least Disruptive Intervention Setting and Maintaining Rules Behavior Modification Serious Behavior Problems Individualizing Discipline techniques Supporting Self-Regulation Freedom and Emotional Climate Humor Cooperative Learning The Charismatic Disciplinarian Other Factors That Influence Classroom Management Annotated Bibliography   Chapter 14: Assessment in Education Principles and Applications of Testing in Education Validity of Data Collection Strategies Describing and Comparing Test Performance Grading Retention for Failing Test-Taking Skills The Learning Function of Tests Portfolio and Authentic Assessment Minimum Competency Testing Standardized Tests Testing Drives the Curriculum Annotated Bibliography   Chapter 15: Tools and Techniques for Delivering Instruction Instructional Objectives Task Analysis Delivering Direct Instruction Individualizing Instruction The Presentation of Information Practice Learning Probes Promoting and Responding to Learner Questions Wait Time Feedback Implementing Cooperative Learning Formative Evaluation Classroom Arrangement Tutoring Students The Effective Use of Instructional Media Using the Computer for Instruction Television and Video Games Summary of the Instructional Process Annotated Bibliography Answers to Quizzes   Chapter 16: Critical Problems in Education Divorce Child Abuse and Family Violence Extreme Poverty Academic Cheating Teacher Burnout Students At-Risk Substance Abuse Early Sexual Intercourse and Pregnancy Delinquency and Acting Out School Failure and Dropping Out Preventing High-Risk Behavior Adolescent Urban Street Gangs Annotated Bibliography   Chapter 17: Specific Subject Areas Cross References Reading and Language Arts Reading Comprehension Reading and Metacognition Whole Language Instruction Reading Assessment Reciprocal Teaching Basal Readers and Metacognitive Skills Reading Across the Curriculum Science Children's Science: Misconceptions The Application Phase of Instruction in Science Mathematics Constructivism in Mathematics The Computer in the Mathematics Curriculum Annotated Bibliography   Chapter 18: Research in Education Glossary References